Accumulation of Basic Amino Acids at Mitochondria Dictates the Cytotoxicity of Aberrant Ubiquitin

Neuronal accumulation of UBB(+1), a frameshift variant of ubiquitin B, is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). How UBB(+1) contributes to neuronal dysfunction remains elusive. Here, we show that in brain regions of AD patients with neurofibrillary tangles UBB(+1) co-exists with VMS1, the mitochondrion-specific component of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Expression of UBB(+1) in yeast disturbs the UPS, leading to mitochondrial stress and apoptosis. Inhibiting UPS activity exacerbates while stimulating UPS by the transcription activator Rpn4 reduces UBB(+1)-triggered cytotoxicity. High levels of the Rpn4 target protein Cdc48 and its cofactor Vms1 are sufficient to relieve programmed cell death. We identified the UBB(+1)-induced enhancement of the basic amino acids arginine, ornithine, and lysine at mitochondria as a decisive toxic event, which can be reversed by Cdc48/Vms1-mediated proteolysis. The fact that AD-induced cellular dysfunctions can be avoided by UPS activity at mitochondria has potentially far-reaching pathophysiological implications.